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author Edouard Tisserant <edouard.tisserant@gmail.com>
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  MATIEC - IEC 61131-3 compiler
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  The following compiler has been based on the
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  FINAL DRAFT - IEC 61131-3, 2nd Ed. (2001-12-10)
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  Copyright (C) 2003-2012  Mario de Sousa (msousa@fe.up.pt)
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********         O V E R A L L    G O A L S           *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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 This project has the goal of producing an open source compiler for the programming languages defined
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in the IEC 61131-3 standard. These programming languages are mostly used in the industrial automation 
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domain, to program PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers).
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 This standard defines 5 programming languages:
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     - IL : Instructtion List
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            A textual programming language, somewhat similar to assembly.
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     - ST : Structured Text
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            A textual programming language, somewhat similar to Pascal.
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     - FBD: Function Block Diagram
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            A graphical programming language, somewhat similar to an electrical circuit diagram based on small 
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             scale integration ICs (Integrated Circuits) (counters, AND/OR/XOR/... logic gates, timers, ...).
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     - LD : Ladder Diagram
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            A graphical programming language, somewhat similar to an electrical circuit diagram based on 
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             relays (used for basic cabled logic controllers).
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     - SFC: Sequential Function Chart
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            A graphical programming language, that defines a state machine, based largely on Grafcet.
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            (may also be expressed in textual format).
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 Of the above 5 languages, the standard defines textual representations for IL, ST and SFC. 
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It is these 3 languages that we target, and we currently support all three, as long as they are
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expressed in the textual format as defined in the standard.
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 Currently the matiec project generates two compilers (more correctly, code translaters, but we like
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to call them compilers :-O ): iec2c, and iec2iec
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 Both compilers accept the same input: a text file with ST, IL and/or SFC code.
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 The iec2c compiler generates ANSI C code which is equivalent to the IEC 61131-3 code expressed in the input file.
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 The iec2iec compiler generates IEC61131-3 code which is equivalent to the IEC 61131-3 code expressed in the input file.
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This last compiler should generate and output file which should be almost identical to the input file (some formating 
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may change, as well as the case of letters, etc.). This 'compiler' is mostly used by the matiec project contributors
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to help debug the lexical and syntax portions of the compilers.
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 To compile/build these compilers, just
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$./configure; make
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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*********   O V E R A L L    A R C H I T E C T U R E   *********
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*********                                              *********
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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 The compiler works in 4(+1) stages:
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 ==================================
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 Stage 1    - Lexical analyser       - implemented with flex (stage1_2/iec_flex.ll)
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 Stage 2    - Syntax parser          - implemented with bison (stage1_2/iec_bison.yy)
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 Stage pre3 - Populate symbol tables - Symbol tables that will ease searching for symbols in the abstract symbol tree.
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 Stage 3    - Semantics analyser     - currently does type checking only
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 Stage 4    - Code generator         - generates ANSI C code
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 Stage 5    - Binary code generator - gcc, javac, etc... (Not integrated into matiec compiler. Must be called explicitly by the user.)
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 Data structures passed between stages, in global variables:
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 ==========================================================
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   1->2   : tokens (int), and token values (char *) (defined in stage1_2/stage1_2_priv.hh)
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   2->1   : symbol tables (implemented in util/symtable.[hh|cc], and defined in stage1_2/stage1_2_priv.hh)
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   2->3   : abstract syntax tree (tree of C++ objects, whose classes are defined in absyntax/absyntax.hh)
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pre3->3,4 : global symbol tables (defined in util/[d]symtable.[hh|cc] and declared in absyntax_utils/absyntax_utils.hh)
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   3->4   : abstract syntax tree (same as 2->3), but now annotated (i.e. some extra data inserted into the absyntax tree)
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   4->5   : file with program in c, java, etc...
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 The compiler works in several passes:
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 ====================================
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Stage 1 and Stage 2
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-------------------
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  Executed in one single pass. This pass will:
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  - Do lexical analysis
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  - Do syntax analysis
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  - Execute the absyntax_utils/add_en_eno_param_decl_c visitor class
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    This class will add the EN and ENO parameter declarations to all
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    functions that do not have them already explicitly declared by the user.
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    This will let us handle these parameters in the remaining compiler just as if
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    they were standard input/output parameters.
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Stage Pre3
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----------
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  Executed in one single pass. This pass will populate the following symbol tables:
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   - function_symtable;            /* A symbol table with all globally declared functions POUs. */
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   - function_block_type_symtable; /* A symbol table with all globally declared functions block POUs. */
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   - program_type_symtable;        /* A symbol table with all globally declared program POUs. */
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   - type_symtable;                /* A symbol table with all user declared (non elementary) datat type definitions. */
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   - enumerated_value_symtable;    /* A symbol table with all identifiers (values) declared for enumerated types. */
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Stage 3
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  Executes two algorithms (flow control analysis, and data type analysis) in several passes.
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  Flow control:
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     Pass 1: Does flow control analysis (for now only of IL code) 
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             Implemented in -> stage3/flow_control_analysis_c
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             This will anotate the abstract syntax tree 
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             (Every object of the class il_instruction_c that is in the abstract syntax tree will have the variable 'prev_il_instruction' correctly filled in.)
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  Data Type Analysis
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     Pass 1: Analyses the possible data types each expression/literal/IL instruction/etc. may take 
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             Implemented in -> stage3/fill_candidate_datatypes_c
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             This will anotate the abstract syntax tree 
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             (Every object of in the abstract syntax tree that may have a data type, will have the variable 'candidate_datatypes' correctly filled in.
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             Additionally, objects in the abstract syntax tree that represen function invocations will have the variable 
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              'candidate_functions' correctly filled in.)
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Pass 2: Narrows all the possible data types each expression/literal/IL instruction/etc. may take down to a single data type 
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             Implemented in -> stage3/narrow_candidate_datatypes_c
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             This will anotate the abstract syntax tree 
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             (Every object of in the abstract syntax tree that may have a data type, will have the variable 'datatype' correctly filled in.
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              Additionally, objects in the abstract syntax tree that represen function invocations will have the variables 
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              'called_function_declaration' and 'extensible_param_count' correctly filled in.
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              Additionally, objects in the abstract syntax tree that represen function block (FB) invocations will have the variable
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              'called_fb_declaration' correctly filled in.)
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     Pass 2: Prints error messages in the event of the IEC 61131-3 source code being analysed contains semantic data type incompatibility errors.
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             Implemented in -> stage3/print_datatype_errors_c
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Stage 4
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-------
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  Has 2 possible implementations.
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  iec2c  :  Generates C source code in a single pass (stage4/generate_c).
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  iec2iec:  Generates IEC61131 source code in a single pass (stage4/generate_iec).
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********               N O T E S                      *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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0
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 NOTE 1
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 ======
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 Note that stage 2 passes data back to stage 1. This is only
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possible because both stages are executed in the same pass.
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 NOTE 2
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 ======
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 It would be nice to get this parser integrated into the gcc
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group of compilers. We would then be able to compile our st/il
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programs directly into executable binaries, for all the processor
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architectures gcc currently supports.
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 The gcc compilers are divided into a frontend and backend. The
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data structure between these two stages is called the syntax
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tree. In essence, we would need to create a new frontend that
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would parse the st/il program and build the syntax tree.
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Unfortunately the gcc syntax tree is not very well documented,
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and doing semantic checking on this tree would probably be a
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nightmare.
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 We therefore chose to follow the same route as the gnat (ada 95)
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and cobol compilers, i.e. generate our own abstract syntax tree,
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do semantic checking on our tree, do whatever optimisation
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we can at this level on our own tree, and only then build
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the gcc syntax tree from our abstract syntax tree.
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 All this may still be integrated with the gcc backend to generate
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a new gnu compiler for the st and il programming languages.
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Since generating the gcc syntax tree will probably envolve some
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trial and error effort due to the sparseness of documentation,
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we chose to start off by coding a C++ code generator for
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our stage 4. We may later implement a gcc syntax tree generator
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as an alternative stage 4 process, and then integrate it with
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the gcc toplevel.c file (command line parsing, etc...).
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********               S T A G E      1               *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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Issue 1
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=======
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 The syntax defines the common_character_representation as:
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<any printable character except '$', '"' or "'"> | <escape sequences>
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 Flex includes the function print_char() that defines
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all printable characters portably (i.e. whatever character
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encoding is currently being used , ASCII, EBCDIC, etc...)
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Unfortunately, we cannot generate the definition of
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common_character_representation portably, since flex
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does not allow definition of sets by subtracting
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elements in one set from another set (Note how
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common_character_representation could be defined by
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subtracting '$' '"' and "'" from print_char() ).
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This means we must build up the defintion of
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common_character_representation using only set addition,
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which leaves us with the only choice of defining the
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characters non-portably...
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 In short, the definition we use for common_character_representation
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only works for ASCII character encoding!
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Issue 2
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=======
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We extend the IEC 61131-3 standard syntax to allow inclusion of 
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other files. The accepted syntax is:
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265
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   {#include "<filename>" }
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We use a pragma directive for this (allowed by the standard itself),
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 since it is an extension of the standard. In principle, this would 
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be ignored by other standard complient compilers!
0
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********               S T A G E      2               *********
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*********                                              *********
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*********                                              *********
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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****************************************************************
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 Overall Comments
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 ================
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 Comment 1
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 ---------
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 We have augmented the syntax the specification defines to include
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restrictions defined in the semantics of the languages.
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 This is required because the syntax cannot be parsed by a LALR(1)
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parser as it is presented in the specification. Many reduce/reduce
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and shift/reduce conflicts arise. This is mainly because the parser
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cannot discern how to reduce an identifier. Identifiers show up in
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many places in the syntax, and it is not entirely possible to
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figure out if the identifier is a variable_name, enumeration
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value, function block name, etc... only from the context in
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which it appears.
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 A more detailed example of why we need symbol tables are
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the type definitions...  In definition of new types
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(section B 1.3.3) the parser needs to figure out the class of
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the new type being defined (enumerated, structure, array, etc...).
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This works well when the base classes are elementary types
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(or structures, enumeration, arrays, etc. thereof). It becomes
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confusing to the parser when the new_type is based on a previously
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user defined type.
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TYPE
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  new_type_1 : INT := 99;
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  new_type_2 : new_type_1 := 100;
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END_TYPE
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 When parsing new_type_1, the parser can figure out that the
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identifier new_type_1 is a simple_type_name, because it is
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based on a elementary type without structure, arrays, etc...
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 While parsing new_type_2, it becomes confused how to reduce
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the new_type_2 identifier, as it is based on the identifier
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new_type_1, of which it does not know the class (remember, at this
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stage new_type_1 is a simple identifier!).
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 We therefore need to keep track of the class of the user
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defined types as they are declared, so that the lexical analyser
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can tell the syntax parser what class the type belongs to. We
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cannot use the abstract syntax tree itself to search for the
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declaration of new_type_1 as we only get a handle to the root
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of the tree at the end of the parsing.
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 We therefore maintain an independent and parallel table of symbols,
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that is filled as we come across the type delcarations in the code.
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Actually, we ended up also needing to store variable names in
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the symbol table. Since variable names come and go out of scope
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depending on what portion of code we are parsing, we sometimes
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need to remove the variable names from the symbol table.
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Since the ST and IL languages only have a single level of scope,
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I (Mario) found it easier to simply use a second symbol table for
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the variable names that is completely cleared when the parser
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reaches the end of a function (function block or program).
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What I mean when I say that these languages have a single level
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of scope is that all variables used in a function (function block
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or program) must be declared inside that function (function block
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or program). Even global variables must be re-declared as EXTERN
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before a function may access them! This means that it is easy
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to simply load up the variable name symbol table when we start
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parsing a function (function block or program), and to clear it
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when we reach the end. Checking whether variables declared
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as EXTERN really exist inside a RESOURCE or a CONFIGURATION
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is left to stage 3 (semantic checking) where we can use the
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abstract tree itself to search for the variables (NOTE: semantic
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cheching at stage 3 has not yet been implemented, so we may yet
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end up using a symbol table too at that stage!).
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 Due to the use of the symbol tables, and special identifier
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tokens depending on the type of identifier it had previously
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been declared in the code being parsed, the syntax was slightly
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changed regarding the definition of variable names, derived
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function names, etc... FROM for e.g.:
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variable_name: identifier;
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TO
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variable_name: variable_name_token;
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 Flex first looks at the symbol tables when it finds an identifier,
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and returns the correct token corresponding to the identifier
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type in question. Only if the identifier is not currently stored
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in any symbol table, does flex return a simple identifier_token.
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 This means that the declarations of variables, functions etc...
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were changed FROM:
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function_declaration: FUNCTION derived_function_name ...
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TO
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function_declaration: FUNCTION identifier ...
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since the initial definition of derived_function_name had been
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changed FROM
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derived_function_name: identifier;
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TO
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derived_function_name: derived_function_name_token;
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 Comment 2
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 ---------
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 Since the ST and IL languages share a lot of common syntax,
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I have decided to write a single parser to handle both languages
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simultaneously. This approach has the advantage that the user
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may mix the language used in the same file, as long as each function
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   399
is written in a single lanuage.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   400
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   401
 This approach also assumes that all the IL language operators are
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   402
keywords, which means that it is not possible to define variables
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   403
using names such as "LD", "ST", etc...
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   404
Note that the spec does not consider these operators to be keywords,
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   405
so it means that they should be available for variable names! On the
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   406
other hand, all implementations of the ST and IL languages seems to
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   407
treat them as keywords, so there is not much harm in doing the same.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   408
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   409
 If it ever becomes necessary to allow variables with names of IL 
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   410
operators, either the syntax will have to be augmented, or we can 
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   411
brake up the parser in two: one for ST and another for IL.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   412
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   413
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   414
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   415
/********************************/
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   416
/* B 1.3.3 - Derived data types */
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   417
/********************************/
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   418
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   419
Issue 1
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   420
=======
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   421
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   422
According to the spec, the valid construct
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   423
TYPE new_str_type : STRING := "hello!"; END_TYPE
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   424
has two possible routes to type_declaration...
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   425
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   426
Route 1:
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   427
type_declaration: single_element_type_declaration
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   428
single_element_type_declaration: simple_type_declaration
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   429
simple_type_declaration: identifier ':' simple_spec_init
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   430
simple_spec_init: simple_specification ASSIGN constant
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   431
(shift:  identifier <- 'new_str_type')
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   432
simple_specification: elementary_type_name
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   433
elementary_type_name: STRING
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   434
(shift: elementary_type_name <- STRING)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   435
(reduce: simple_specification <- elementary_type_name)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   436
(shift: constant <- "hello!")
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   437
(reduce: simple_spec_init: simple_specification ASSIGN constant)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   438
(reduce: ...)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   439
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   440
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   441
Route 2:
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   442
type_declaration: string_type_declaration
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   443
string_type_declaration: identifier ':' elementary_string_type_name string_type_declaration_size string_type_declaration_init
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   444
(shift:  identifier <- 'new_str_type')
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   445
elementary_string_type_name: STRING
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   446
(shift: elementary_string_type_name <- STRING)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   447
(shift: string_type_declaration_size <- /* empty */)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   448
string_type_declaration_init: ASSIGN character_string
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   449
(shift: character_string <- "hello!")
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   450
(reduce: string_type_declaration_init <- ASSIGN character_string)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   451
(reduce: string_type_declaration <- identifier ':' elementary_string_type_name string_type_declaration_size string_type_declaration_init )
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   452
(reduce: type_declaration <- string_type_declaration)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   453
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   454
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   455
 At first glance it seems that removing route 1 would make
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   456
the most sense. Unfortunately the construct 'simple_spec_init'
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   457
shows up multiple times in other rules, so changing this construct
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   458
would mean changing all the rules in which it appears.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   459
I (Mario) therefore chose to remove route 2 instead. This means
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   460
that the above declaration gets stored in a
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   461
simple_type_declaration_c, and not in a string_type_declaration_c
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   462
as would be expected!
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   463
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   464
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   465
/***********************/
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   466
/* B 1.5.1 - Functions */
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   467
/***********************/
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   468
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   469
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   470
Issue 1
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   471
=======
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   472
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   473
 Due to reduce/reduce conflicts between identifiers
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   474
being reduced to either a variable or an enumerator value,
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   475
we were forced to keep a symbol table of the names
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   476
of all declared variables. Variables are no longer
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   477
created from simple identifier_token, but from
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   478
variable_name_token.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   479
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   480
 BUT, in functions the function name may be used as
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   481
a variable! In order to be able to parse this correctly,
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   482
the token parser (flex) must return a variable_name_token
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   483
when it comes across the function name, while parsing
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   484
the function itself.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   485
We do this by inserting the function name into the variable
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   486
symbol table, and having flex return a variable_name_token
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   487
whenever it comes across it.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   488
When we finish parsing the function the variable name
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   489
symbol table is cleared of all entries, and the function
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   490
name is inserted into the library element symbol table. This
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   491
means that from then onwards flex will return a
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   492
derived_function_name_token whenever it comes across the
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   493
function name.
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   494
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   495
In order to insert the function name into the variable_name
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   496
symbol table BEFORE the function body gets parsed, we
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   497
need the parser to reduce a construct that contains the
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   498
the function name. That is why we created the extra
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   499
construct 'function_name_declaration', i.e. to force
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   500
the parser to reduce it, before parsing the function body,
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   501
and therefore get an oportunity to insert the function name
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   502
into the variable name symbol table!
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   503
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   504
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   505
/********************************/
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   506
/* B 3.2.4 Iteration Statements */
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   507
/********************************/
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   508
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   509
Issue 1
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   510
=======
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   511
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   512
For the 'FOR' iteration loop
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   513
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   514
  FOR control_variable ASSIGN expression TO expression BY expression DO statement_list END_FOR
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   515
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   516
The spec declares the control variable in the syntax as
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   517
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   518
  control_variable: identifier;
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   519
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   520
but then defines the semantics of control_variable (Section 3.3.2.4)
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   521
as being of an integer type (e.g., SINT, INT, or DINT).
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   522
Obviously this presuposes that the control_variable must have been
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   523
declared in some 'VAR .. VAR_END' construct, so I (Mario) changed
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   524
the syntax to read
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   525
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   526
  control_variable: variable_name;
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   527
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   528
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   529
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   530
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   531
**************************************************************************
fb772792efd1 Initial commit. Last MatPLC CVS with some makefile inclusion removed in order to compile fine out of MatPLC.
etisserant
parents:
diff changeset
   532
444
92d40d2a7adc Update comments on general architecture.
Mario de Sousa <msousa@fe.up.pt>
parents: 265
diff changeset
   533
  Copyright (C) 2003-2012  Mario de Sousa (msousa@fe.up.pt)